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Korean ethnic nationalism
Korean ethnic nationalism, or racial nationalism,〔Gi-Wook Shin, ''Ethnic Nationalism in Korea: Genealogy, Politics, and Legacy'' (Stanford University Press, 2006), (p. 223. )〕 is a political ideology and a form of ethnic identity that is prevalent in modern Korea. It is based on the belief that Koreans form a nation, a "race", and an ethnic group that shares a unified bloodline and a distinct culture.〔Gi-wook Shin, ''Ethnic Nationalism in Korea: Genealogy, Politics, and Legacy'' (Stanford University Press, 2006), p. 2.〕 It is centered on the notion of the ''minjok'' (), a term that had been coined in Imperial Japan in the early Meiji period on the basis of Social Darwinian conceptions. ''Minjok'' has been translated as "nation," "people," "ethnic group," and "race-nation". In contrast, the same characters in Chinese mean ethnicity, culture, or nationality, but not race.
This conception of a racist form of nationalism started to emerge among Korean intellectuals after the Imperial Japanese-imposed "protectorate" of 1905,〔Andre Schmid, ''Korea Between Empires, 1895-1919'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), p. 174.〕 when Imperial Japanese colonizers were trying to persuade Koreans that both nations were of the same racial stock, albeit with the Koreans in a subordinate position.〔〔 The notion of the Korean ''minjok'' was first made popular by essayist and historian Shin Chaeho in his 1908 book, ''New Reading of History'', a history of Korea from the mythical times of Dangun to the fall of Balhae in 926. Shin portrayed the ''minjok'' as a warlike race that had fought bravely to preserve Korean identity, had later declined, and now needed to be reinvigorated.〔Sheila Miyoshi Jager, ''Narratives of Nation Building in Korea'' (2003), pp. 15-16; Andre Schmid, "Rediscovering Manchuria" (1997), p. 32.〕 During the period of Imperial Japanese colonial rule from 1910 to 1945, this belief in the uniqueness of a Korean ''minjok'' gave an impetus for resisting the Imperial Japanese's forced assimilation policies and historical scholarship.
In contrast to Japan and Germany, where such race-based conceptions of the nation were officially discarded after World War II because they were un-flatteringly associated with ultranationalism or Nazism,〔Comparison with Japanese "ultranationalism": Andre Schmid, ''Korea Between Empires, 1895-1919'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), p. (277 ). Comparison with Germany and Nazism: Shin Gi-wook, ''Ethnic Nationalism in Korea: Genealogy, Politics, and Legacy'' (2006), p. (19 ).〕 postwar North and South Korea continued to proclaim the ethnic homogeneity and pure bloodline of the "Great Han race".〔〔 In the 1960s, President Park Chung-hee strengthened this "ideology of racial purity" to legitimize his authoritarian rule,〔Nadia Y. Kim, ''Imperial Citizens: Koreans and Race from Seoul to L.A.'' (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2008), p. 25.〕 while in North Korea official propaganda has portrayed Koreans as "the cleanest race."〔B.R.Myers, ''The Cleanest Race: How North Koreans See Themselves and Why It Matters'' (Melville House, 2010), ISBN 1-933633-91-3.〕〔(North Korea's official propaganda promotes idea of racial purity and moral superiority ), UC Berkeley News, 19 February 2010.〕〔 Contemporary South Korean historians continue to write about the nation's "unique racial and cultural heritage" in flattering terms.〔Hyung-il Pai, ''Constructing "Korean" Origins'' (2000), p. 6.〕 This shared conception of a racially-defined Korea continues to shape modern Korean politics and foreign relations,〔 gives Koreans an impetus to nationalistic pride,〔Gi-wook Shin, ''Ethnic Nationalism in Korea: Genealogy, Politics, and Legacy'' (2006), pp. 1-3.〕 and feeds hopes for the reunification of the two Koreas.〔Gi-wook Shin, ''Ethnic Nationalism in Korea: Genealogy, Politics, and Legacy'', chapter 10: "Ethnic Identity and National Unification" (pp. 185-203).〕
Despite statistics showing that South Korea is becoming an increasingly multi-ethnic society, most of the South Korean population continues to identify itself as "one people" ((朝鮮語:단일민족); Hanja: 單一民族, ''danil minjok'') joined by a common "bloodline". A renewed emphasis on the purity of Korean "blood" has caused tensions, leading to renewed debates on multi-ethnicity, racism, and xenophobia both in South Korea and abroad. Ethnic nationalism in modern South Korean culture may partly stem from a reaction against not only the Imperial Japanese's colonization and British-American cultural influence, but also a history of Chinese cultural dominance.
==Origins==
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